"A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind" is a philosophical treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, written in the mid-18th century. The book is a critique of social inequality and a proposal for a more just and equitable society.

In the book, Rousseau argues that the concept of inequality is not natural, but rather a product of social and political institutions. He proposes that in a hypothetical state of nature, before the development of civilization and society, humans were equal and free. However, with the emergence of societal structures such as property, laws, and government, inequality arose.

Rousseau proposes a social contract theory, where individuals voluntarily give up some of their natural freedom in exchange for protection and benefits provided by society. He argues that this social contract is the foundation of all legitimate political authority, and that the interests of the collective community (the general will) should take precedence over individual interests.

Rousseau also critiques the concept of private property, which he sees as a source of inequality and conflict, and proposes an educational system that emphasizes natural development and moral values, rather than formal education and social status.

Throughout the book, Rousseau emphasizes the importance of individual liberty and autonomy, and sees social inequality as a threat to these values. He proposes that justice requires the elimination of inequality and the establishment of a fair and equal society.

"A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind" is considered one of the foundational texts of modern political philosophy and has had a significant influence on the development of political thought and social theory.