The sustained increase in cancer, chronic metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases after a long history of dietary transitions and technological advances in the industry, requires a scientific evaluation of risks and health benefits. This book provides insight into physiology, cell structure, molecular biology, genetics and epigenetics in order to raise awareness about nutrition and food seen from a new dimension, not only for normal growth and development, preservation of health and disease prevention, but for co-adjuvant and sustainable treatment. It brings together 442 bibliographic references in order to promote optimal nutrition.