African-American women fought for their freedom with courage and vigor during and after the Civil War. Leslie Schwalm explores the vital roles of enslaved and formerly enslaved women on the rice plantations of lowcountry South Carolina, both in antebellum plantation life and in the wartime collapse of slavery. From there, she chronicles their efforts as freedwomen to recover from the impact of the war while redefining their lives and labor.

Freedwomen asserted their own ideas of what freedom meant and insisted on important changes in the work they performed both for white employers and in their own homes. As Schwalm shows, these women rejected the most unpleasant or demeaning tasks, guarded the prerogatives they gained under the South's slave economy, and defended their hard-won freedoms against unwanted intervention by Northern whites and the efforts of former owners to restore slavery's social and economic relations during Reconstruction. A bold challenge to entrenched notions, A Hard Fight for We places African American women at the center of the South's transition from a slave society.

|Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
PART 1: SLAVERY
1. "Women Always Did This Work": Slave Women and Plantation Labor 19
2. "Ties to Bind Them All Together": The Social and Reproductive Labor of Slave Women 47
PART 2: SLAVERY'S WARTIME CRISIS
3. "A Hard Fight for We": Slave Women and the Civil War 75
4. "Without Mercy": The End of War and the Final Destruction of Lowcountry Slavery 116
PART 3: DEFINING AND DEFENDING FREEDOM
5. "The Simple Act of Emancipation": The First Year of Freedom 147
6. "In Their Own Way": Women and Work in the Postbellum South 187
7. "And So to Establish Family Relations": Race, Gender, and Family In the Postbellum Crisis of Free Labor 234

Notes 269
Bibliography 363
Index 383
Illustrations follow pages 46 and 144| Winner of the Willie Lee Rose Publication Prize, the Southern Association of Women Historians, 1998. — the Southern Association of Women Historians
|Leslie A. Schwalm is a professor and chair of Gender, Women's, & Sexuality Studies at the University of Iowa. She is the author of Emancipation's Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest.