In The Human-Animal Relationship in Pre-Modern Turkish Literature: A Study of The Book of Dede Korkut and The Masnavi, Book I, II, Dilek Bulut Sarikaya explores medieval Anatolia, where humans' connectivity to nonhuman animals was not yet disrupted by the capitalist economic systems and demonstrates how ancient societies treated nonhuman animals as self-conscious, spiritual individuals, capable of feeling pain with highly advanced forms of intentionality.