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#1 The drums communicated information. They were not just instruments of signaling, like the bugle and the bell in European cultures. They could convey a small set of messages: attack, retreat, come to church.

#2 The drums were not just signaling tools, but also a means of communicating large amounts of information.

#3 The drums were not just signaling tools, but also a means of communicating large amounts of information.

#4 The first crack in the hitherto solid assumption of simultaneity was made by seventeenth-century astronomers and explorers who communicated with drums and bells, not just to signal but to convey large amounts of information.