Basic education can also help women access their social and legal rights, and enable them to participate in management. However, having women in leadership and decision-making roles does not automatically translate to real authority, influence or systemic change. Further education and professional training are typically required for women to be considered credible, influential, high-level leaders and decision-makers. The research focusing on the debate between male and female effectiveness should be redirected since it seems quite clear that qu estions regarding leader effectiveness and leader emergence are better linked to the individual rather than to an individual's sex or even gender role.