Accountants have constantly transformed themselves and kept up with the changing times since the earliest development of accounting. In the 21st century, the dizzying speed of technology and digitalization is changing the structure of the accounting profession and blurring its boundaries. This is the time of the 4th industrial revolution. It has been triggered by digital technologies, including developments in artificial intelligence, robot use, autonomous vehicles, space exploration, space mining, 3D printers, nanotechnology, and other fields of science. These technologies all point to a transformational process that will impact every part of humanity and society. It is an inevitable fact that these developments will change the way we do business, and some professions will completely vanish, while others will develop and grow stronger. In this future, some professions will emerge that we have not yet encountered.

Accounting is evolving through digitalization and technological developments. According to researchers that study the occupations that are most affected by digitalization, tax regulators rank first with 99 percent, and bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing employees with 98 percent. So, are those working in this field ready for digital transformation?

This book centers around two concepts. The first is accounting engineering, which entered the literature after the 2nd International Thrace Accounting, Finance and Auditing Symposium held on October 18, 2017, and the other is the concept of space accounting, which entered the literature at the 4th International Congress of Accounting and Finance Studies held on October 23-25, 2019.