All economic activity depends on the environment. This simple fact has spurred the international community into giving more and more attention to the environment in general and the environmental performance of industry in particular. The Bottom Line is a major new contribution to the debates on industry and the environment. With an emphasis on South Africa, The Bottom Line focuses, like no other publication has, on the issues facing the environmental management of industry today. It explores, for instance, the relationship between legislation and new investments, the environmental costs of electricity supply, the role of trade unions in environmental management, and the environmental management of small and medium-sized enterprises. The Bottom Line is a product of 3 years of research conducted by the Industrial Strategy Project at the University of Cape Town. Like the project's previous publication, Improving Manufacturing Performance in South Africa (IDRC/UCT Press 1995), this book will appeal to industrial managers, environmentalists, lawyers, engineers, students, policymakers, trade unionists, and anyone interested in sustainable economic development worldwide.