This book describes The Nose and Its Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

The nose is the body's main organ of smell and also functions as part of the body's respiratory system. It has different shapes and sizes and is connected to the eyes and ears.

The human nose is more than a protrusion of flesh and cartilage on the front of the face.

Besides being a component of the respiratory system that inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide, the nose also assists in other important functions, such as hearing and tasting.

The 2 openings in the nose are termed nostrils, or napes.

They direct to two nasal cavities that are separated by the septum, a wall of cartilage.

Inside the face is a complex system of nasal canals and pockets of air termed sinus cavities.

Projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are 3 shelves termed nasal turbinates.

Sinus cavities pass all the way to the back of the skull, right above the oral cavity, within the cheekbones and between the eyes and brows.

The nasal passageways on either side of the nose pass into the choana (posterior nasal passageway) and then into a chamber called the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat.

This chamber passes into the oropharynx, the throat area behind the mouth.

When air is breathed in the nostrils, it travels through the nasal passages, the choana, the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the voice box and lands inside the lungs.

Fundamentally, in the respiratory system, the nose is a passageway for air to enter the lungs.

Sinus cavities spread all the way to the back of the skull right above the oral cavity, within the cheekbones and between the eyes and brows.

All of these sinus cavities are accountable, at least in part, for breathing, smelling, tasting and immune system defense.

The human nose is able to smell over 1 trillion scents.

The nose smells with the olfactory cleft which comprises the roof of the nasal cavity.

It is right next to the smelling part of the brain, which comprises the olfactory bulb and fossa.

Human noses can have a wide assortment of shapes and sizes due to genetics and injuries.

The shape of the nose differs widely caused by differences in the nasal bone shapes and formation of the bridge of the nose.

Men normally have larger noses than women.

Some deformities of the nose are present, such as the pug nose and the saddle nose.

The pug nose is featured by excess tissue from the apex that is out of proportion to the rest of the nose.

A low and poorly developed nasal bridge may also be present.

A saddle nose deformity affecting the collapse of the bridge of the nose is mostly linked with injury to the nose but can be produced by other disorders such as leprosy.

Werner syndrome, a disorder that manifests the appearance of premature aging, produces a "bird-like" appearance due to pinching of the nose.

Down syndrome often manifests a small nose with a flattened nasal bridge.

This can be caused by the absence of one or both nasal bones, shortened nasal bones, or nasal bones that have not fused in the midline

Function
1. Respiration
Air goes in the upper respiratory tract through the nose.

2. Sense of smell
The nose has olfactory receptor neurons accountable for the sense of smell.

3. Speech
Speech is caused through pressure from the lungs and altered using airflow through the nose

4. The nose plays a part in hearing through the Eustachian tube.

5. Smell from the nose help the body to taste the food properly.

6. Defense against illness
The...