The title of monograph is meant to express the essential possibility to adopt different worldviews in the philosophical cognition of man. In the given part, we want to point out the alternatives of materialistic and religious approach that have found their dramatic expression in the Russian philosophical space. Individual anthropological ideas originated – be it explicitly or implicitly – as constituents and outcomes of the conflict between the two opposing worldview orientations. The Russian philosophical environment of the 20th century can be perceived as a historically realized philosophical experiment that explained the starting points, possibilities and impacts of both approaches. A reflection of the acquired historical experience can also help today's person to consider various worldview alternatives in a more competent way. The experience of Russian philosophy confirms and concretizes the assumption that the worldview decision determines to a great extent the direction and character of the philosophical cognition of man.