This volume reviews recent research on effective support to improve smallholder livelihoods. After discussing the economics of smallholder farming, Part 1 reviews ways of improving access to resources such as seeds, tools and expertise for soil health improvement and integrated pest management (IPM) as well as mechanisation. Part 2 discusses ways of improving support services such as farmer organisations, public sector and commercial extension services as well as the use of digital technologies to support particular groups such as female smallholders. Part 4 discusses ways of improving smallholder access to markets, including the role of both the private and public sectors.