The dynasties of ancient Egypt's pharaohs are among the more storied elements of Egypt's rich heritage, but the long era of foreign rule that followed has in many ways been more crucial to the development of Egypt's present-day ethos. While engendering much turbulence, this layered past has also made Egypt an intellectual hub that has spawned some of the most seminal works in Arab art and literature. This volume examines the Egyptian land and its peoples, culture, and history.