Governments and political and economic decision-makers face a major challenge that is the eradication of poverty or at least its reduction and inequality in the world. International institutions and researchers in many countries are thus making the issue of poverty eradication and income inequality one of the main issues for the coming years. This work presents a general view of the concept of poverty, inequality and population growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), its evolution, its forms, as well as the policies adopted to improve people's living standards.