The Horn of Africa consists of five nations with unique historical experiences from lofty and distinguishing to awful and tarnishing. North-East Africa is a region shaped by history from migrations and invasions to modern global politics and internal dynamics of historical ethnic and religious sectarian divisions. Aside Ethiopia, the other nations of Africas horn have been significantly shaped by the delineation of boundaries by Islamic and later European empires. That has defined its political and economic antecedents. Its location as a regional nexus to inevitable trade routes between three continents had made concerns by world powers over its affairs to endure. This historical account concentrates on the 20th century political and economic challenges that had characterized individual nations in the region to the new millennium. Their quite spectacular and thought provoking internal and external legacies while transforming national live also remain enduring in certain aspects.