This report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using training and experience (T&E) assessments to gauge an individual's qualifications for a Federal job and provides recommendations for the most effective use of such assessments. Insights for this report were obtained from research and practice in the field of assessment, and from MSPB survey data. This report synthesizes multiple perspectives on the advantages and challenges of T&E assessments, describes the role they can play in Federal hiring, and assists Federal agencies and hiring managers in using T&E assessments appropriately.