Sciences which are used to understand the properties and applications of carbons and graphites need to be described, comprehensively, in book format, at an up-to-date and introductory level. This book introduces the reader, comprehensively, to the sciences of structure of carbons, applications of carbon in nuclear energy, the chemistry of pitch carbonization, the spinnig of carbon fibres, carbon gasification reactions and oxidation protection, mechacnical properties, porosity and adsorption in carbons and coals, with chapters describing coal carbonization, coal liquefaction and the petrography of coal. The book serves both as a textbook and as a reference book and as a text for courses within educational institutions, worldwide.