This special issue selects the papers draw on both empirical researches and literatures from a number of disciplines related to agricultural economics and GM technologies. We believe it will contribute to the current debates on the pros and cons of GM technology in China and the rest of world. There have been inconsistent between the low accepting rate of GM soybean by nearly all stakeholders and more than 80 million tons of GM soybeans consumed annually since 2015 in China. This suggests that the researchers and policy makers of public and private may need to think more about the actual preference of individuals from either consumers or scientists or industries rather than the subjective perception of GM technology. Of course, to have a successful and sustainable development of and maximizing the promises offered by GM technology, getting more support from the public is important. Institutional innovations in biotech R&D and appropriate regulatory policies governing GM technology are also essential.