The contents of this book represent over a decade of my work in studying and assessing critically the philosophical work in the areas related to responsibility and punishment theories. Certain chapters or sections of chapters of this book contain some of what I have contributed in various philosophy journals or other sources. For example, the contents of Chapter 4 consists of a revised version of an essay by the same title published in The Southern Journal 0/ Philosophy to which thanks are expressed for the use of it herein. Substantial sections of Chapter 5 consist of an essay, "Making Sense of Retributivism," which is forthcoming in Philosophy, and gratitude is expressed to the Royal Institute of Philosophy, London, for use of it here. The contents of Chapter 7 is a revised version of an article forthcoming as "Collective Moral Responsibility," in A. Jokic, Editor, From History to Justice (New York: Peter Lang). The contents of Chapter 8 is essentially a revised form of an article by the same title from the Journal 0/ Social Philosophy, and gratitude is expressed to Blackwell Publishers for use of it in this book. Chapter 9 contains substantial material from "Reparations to Native Americans?" in A. Jokic, Editor, War Crimes and Collective Wrongdoing (London: Blackwell, 2(01). I am thankful to Blackwell Publishers for use of that material in this work.