Infant jaundice happens when a baby has a high level of bilirubin in the blood.Bilirubin is the yellow substance that the body produces when it replaces old red blood cells.The liver helps to break down the substance so it can be eliminated from the body in the stool.High levels of bilirubin (serum bilirubin levels from 17-25 mg/dL (294-430 μmol/L) make the baby's skin and whites of the eyes look yellow.The medical term for jaundice in babies is infant jaundiceJaundice is a frequent and normally harmless disorder in newborn babies that produces yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes - physiological.It only becomes harmful when too high bilirubin damages the brain and the hearing organ - pathological.It is evaluated that 60% babies develop jaundice, such as 80% babies born prematurely (babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy).Only around 5% babies have a blood bilirubin level high enough to require treatment.Serious newborn jaundice may happen if the baby has a disorder that raises the number of red blood cells that require to be replaced in the body, such as:Abnormal blood cell shapes1. Blood type mismatch between the mother and baby2. Bleeding underneath the scalp (cephalohematoma) caused by a difficult delivery3. Higher levels of red blood cells, which is more frequent in small-for-gestational-age babies and some twins4. Infection5. Lack (deficiency) of certain important proteins, called enzymesDisorders that make it more difficult for the baby's body to eliminate bilirubin may also result in more severe jaundice, such as:1. Certain medicines2. Infections present at birth, such as rubella, syphilis, and others3. Diseases that affect the liver or biliary tract, such as cystic fibrosis or hepatitis4. Low oxygen level (hypoxia)5. Infections (such as sepsis)6. Many different genetic or inherited disordersBabies who are born too early (premature) tend more likely to form jaundice than full-term babies.Jaundice produces a yellow color of the skin that begins on the face and then spreads down to the chest, belly area, legs, and soles of the feet.Other symptoms are:1. Dark, yellow urine – Normally colorless2. Pale-colored stools3. Tiredness and poor appetiteHospitals use probes that can evaluate the bilirubin level just by touching the skin.High readings require to be confirmed with blood testsTreatment is not required most of the time as the symptoms normally pass within 10 to 14 days, even though symptoms can persist longer in a minority of cases.Treatment is normally only advised if tests reveal a baby has very high levels of bilirubin in their blood because there is a small risk the bilirubin could pass into the brain and cause brain damage.When treatment is required, the type will be dependent on:1. The baby's bilirubin level2. How fast the level has been rising3. Whether the baby was born early (babies born early are more likely to be treated at lower bilirubin levels)4. How old the baby is5. A baby will require treatment if the bilirubin level is too high or is rising too quickly.6. A baby with jaundice requires to be kept well hydrated with breast milk or formula.7. Feed the baby often (up to 12 times a day) to encourage frequent bowel movements.These help eliminate bilirubin through the stoolsTreatment is by:Phototherapy or light therapy- can be done in hospital or at home with eye covering patches and diapersIntravenous immune globulin IVIG therapy - mainly for blood incompatibilityExchange blood transfusion - a more dangerous procedure for serious cases of infant jaundiceNew treatment consists of inhibition of bilirubin production through obstruction of heme oxygenase.TABLE OF CONTENTIntroductionChapter 1 Infant JaundiceChapter 2 CausesChapter 3...