Over the last few decades, several East Asian countries have been added to the low-fertility league that, until then, has been occupied by European countries. Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong Kong SAR are among the countries in the region that now fall into the ultra-low fertility category, with fertility in China dropping to levels lower than those in many European countries. Why are fertility patterns in so many industrialized and post-industrialized societies declining so rapidly in most newly industrialized countries, particularly in East Asia? And why are the fertility patterns declining after countries have adopted the capitalist and market economies as a preferred approach to improve the lives of their population? This ebook discusses these issues from the perspective of different countries across East Asia.