Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is spread through the bite of one of many species of ticks.Lyme disease is produced by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi or Borrelia mayonii.These bacteria grow inside of certain infected ticks and spread to humans when the patient is bitten by an infected tick, both adult and nymph, of the genus Ixodes.There are 3 stages of Lyme disease:1. Stage 1 is called early localized Lyme disease.The bacteria are localized and have not spread through the body.2. Stage 2 is called early disseminated Lyme disease.The bacteria have started to extend throughout the body.3. Stage 3 is called late disseminated Lyme disease.The bacteria have extended throughout the body.Risk factors for Lyme disease are:1. Doing outside activities that risk higher tick exposure (e.g., gardening, hunting, or hiking) in an area where Lyme disease happens2. Presence of a pet that may bring infected ticks home3. Strolling in places with high grassesLyme disease is the most frequent tick-borne infection in the northern hemisphere.Lyme disease is complicated and produces different symptoms to form, depending on the stage of the infection:1. A skin lesion known as erythema migrans is the most frequent symptom linked with early-stage Lyme disease.2. There can be neurological, cardiac, and arthritic problems that form in later stages of Lyme disease.3. Pauciarticular arthritis (affecting 4 or fewer joints) is the most frequent disorder linked with late-stage Lyme disease.Small rodents and deer have an important part in a deer tick's life cycle.1. Deer ticks lay eggs that turn into larvae that feed on mice and other small mammals2. Larvae then form into immature ticks called nymphs3. Nymphs then feed on small mammals and humans4. Adult deer ticks normally feed on deer during the adult part of their life cycles5. Both nymphs and adult ticks can spread Lyme disease-causing bacteria.The recent rise of the deer population in the Northeast and of housing developments in areas where deer ticks are often found probably contributed to its higher spread.The symptoms are the same as the flu and may be:1. Fever and chills2. General ill feeling3. Headache4. Joint pain5. Muscle pain6. Stiff neckThere may be a "bull's eye" rash, a flat or slightly raised red spot at the location of the tick bite.Diagnosis:The most often test used is the ELISA for Lyme disease test.The immunoblot test is done to confirm ELISA results.Other tests that may be performed when the infection has extended are:1. Electrocardiogram2. Echocardiogram to look at the heart3. MRI of the brain4. Spinal tap (lumbar puncture to examine spinal fluid)Treatment:A single dose of the antibiotic doxycycline may be administered to someone soon after being bitten by a tickThe selection of antibiotic is dependent on the stage of the disease and the symptoms.Frequent choices are doxycycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone.Pain medicines, such as ibuprofen, are occasionally given for joint stiffness.If the patient has Lyme arthritis, the doctors may manage the patient with oral antibiotics.If the arthritis is serious, the patient may be given ceftriaxone or penicillin intravenously.If the patient has neurological symptoms, the doctor will be likely to treat the patient with the antibiotic ceftriaxone given intravenously once a day for a monthDoctors choose to treat people with Lyme disease who have heart symptoms with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or penicillin given intravenously for about 2 weeks.Patients with Lyme disease seldom have long-term heart damage such as heart blockA pacemaker may be needed.TABLE OF CONTENTIntroductionChapter 1 Lyme DiseaseChapter 2 CausesChapter 3 SymptomsChapter 4...