Bursitis is the medical disorder of inflammation or irritation of the bursa.The bursa is a sac containing lubricating fluid, located between tissues such as bone, muscle, tendons, and skin that reduce rubbing, friction, and irritation.The bursa is a fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion between a muscles, tendons, and bones.Occasionally the cause may not be found.Bursitis often happens in the shoulder, knee, elbow, and hip.Other regions that may be involved are the Achilles tendon and the foot.Bursitis is most often produced by repetitive, minor injury on the area, or from a sudden, more serious trauma.1. An atypical or poorly placed bone or joint (such as length sizes in the legs or arthritis in a joint) can place added stress on a bursa sac, causing bursitis.2. Stress or inflammation from other disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, thyroid disorders, or abnormal medicine reactions may also raise a person's risk.3. Also, an infection can sometimes result in inflammation of a bursa.4. The most frequent causes of bursitis are repetitive movements or locations that cause irritation of the bursae around a joint:a. Throwing a baseball or lifting something over the head repeatedlyb. Leaning on the elbows for long periodsc. Extensive kneeling for tasks such as laying carpet or scrubbing floorsd. Prolonged sitting, especially on hard surfacesThe most frequent locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip.But the patient can also have bursitis by the knee, heel and the base of the big toe.Symptoms of bursitis may be:1. Joint pain and tenderness when the patient pushes around the joint2. Stiffness and aching when the patient moves the affected joint3. Swelling, warmth or redness over the jointDoctors can often diagnose bursitis based on a medical history and physical exam.X-ray images cannot positively confirm the diagnosis of bursitis, but they can assist ruling out other causes of the discomfort.Ultrasound or MRI may be done if the bursitis cannot easily be diagnosed by a physical exam alone.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be done to exclude tissue injury, such as a torn tendon (tendons are the cords that join bones to muscles)Bursitis treatment normally requires conservative measures, such as rest, ice and taking a pain reliever such as aspirin, paracetamol and ibuprofen.1. Rest the joint until the symptoms get better and prevent any strenuous activities that tend to cause more pain, such as running.2. Wearing padding may help prevent the joint from more injury.Knee pads may help if the patient has bursitis in the knee joints.3. Ice packs are also a good method of reducing inflammation and pain.4. When sleeping, do not sleep on the side that has bursitis.If conservative treatments do not work, further treatment may be:1. MedicineNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen can relieve painIf the inflammation in the bursa is produced by an infection, the doctor might prescribe an antibiotic.2. Physical TherapyThe doctor may advise physical therapy or exercises to strengthen the muscles in the involved area to ease pain and prevent recurrence.3. InjectionsThe doctor may inject a corticosteroid medicine into the bursa to alleviate inflammation in the shoulder or hip.This treatment normally brings rapid pain relief4. Assistive deviceTransient use of a walking cane or other device will help alleviate pressure on the affected area.5. Aspiration (Removing fluid from the bursa)If the swelling produced by bursitis is especially severe, the patient may want to have the fluid drained out.6. Surgerya. Removing the bursab. Making an incision and draining the bursaTABLE OF CONTENTIntroductionChapter 1 BursitisChapter 2...