Following Pearl Harbor, Admiral Husband Kimmel, commander of the Pacific Fleet, and General Walter Short, commander of the U.S. Army's Hawaiian Department, were accused of dereliction of duty and relieved of their commands. Hours after the attack, General Douglas MacArthur, in command of the Philippines, suffered a similar defeat and was awarded the Medal of Honor. This book re-examines the circumstances surrounding Pearl Harbor to answer the questions: were Kimmel and Short incompetent officers or convenient scapegoats; and was the attack really the surprise the Roosevelt administration led Americans to believe?