In the early morning of January 1, 1945, as the Battle of the Bulge smoldered to an end, the German Luftwaffe—assumed to be starved of fuel and fighting spirit—launched a massive, surprise, low-level strike on Allied airfields throughout France, Belgium, and Holland, an operation code-named Bodenplatte. More than 900 German aircraft took to the skies and attacked the vulnerable fields, destroying 200 Allied aircraft and damaging 150 more. In a pyrrhic victory, the Luftwaffe lost 271 fighters, with many more damaged, and 213 pilots—irreplaceable losses at this stage of the war.