Vulnerable work is not new; what is new is that many workers, occupations and sectors seem to be susceptible to vulnerability at work. This situation has occurred as a result of workforce restructuring and structural change, public policies such as downsizing and contracting out, public sector activity and corporate strategies that include: restructuring, relocating, offshoring and "lean operations", particularly following the global financial crisis (GFC) (Kirkpatick and Hoque, 2006; Kalleberg, 2011; McDonnell and Burgess, 2013; Thornley at al, 2010). Moreover, vulnerability is not a condition that is exclusive to particular job arrangements, such as contingent employment, or to particular groups in the workforce such as the young, the disabled, the old and migrant workers, as vulnerability now embraces all job arrangements and groups within the workforce.