"Unequal treaties" - the result of China's unsuccessful defense against foreign aggression in the final century of imperial rule - forced China to grant foreign powers access to treaty ports and inland waters, tariff authority, land leases, concessions, extraterritoriality, and troop presence, severely damaging China's sovereignty. Unequal Treaties and China reviews Republican and Communist China's endeavors to abrogate and reverse the damaging legacy of unequal treaties amidst the power changes in the warlord-dominated government in Beijing, the national unification efforts of the Southern revolutionary government, and the ascendancy of the Chinese Communist Party, with detailed and solid materials researched from domestic and foreign records.