An empirical analysis of the role of czars as tools for making and implementing policy|When Barack Obama entered the White House, he followed a long-standing precedent for the development and implementation of major policies by appointing administrators—so-called policy czars—charged with directing the response to the nation's most pressing crises. Demonstrating that the creation of policy czars is a strategy for combating partisan polarization and navigating the federal government's complexity, Vaughn and Villalobos offer a sober, empirical analysis of what precisely constitutes a czar and what role they have played in the modern presidency.