This book is an extension and major update of the author's previous work, titled Practical Radiobiology for Proton Therapy Planning (IOP Publishing 2018). The book describes the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) issues within proton therapy and advises on how to use a variable RBE within treatment planning and in dose prescription to improve the safety of proton and other forms on ion beam therapy. Decision-making advice is also provided for protocol breaches, retreatments, dose rate effects and risk assessment. This book is intended for those who already have basic knowledge of radiotherapy and radiobiology, although there is guidance through the fundamental principles for those who are 'discipline crossing'. Part of IPEM–IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology.

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