This book contains an edited selection of the papers presented at the Second International Conference on the History of Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy (ICHAMA), organized by Tang Quan and Qu Anjing and held in Xi'an, 2–8 December 2018, commemorating the foundation. This collection, consisting of papers that have been refined and edited into scientific articles, provides an overview of how the history of science can be international, stepping beyond area studies, without being Euro-centric. Containing chapters written by East Asia scholars who do not publish widely in English, the volume opens an important window into their projects and the state of scholarship in their respective countries in relation to the history of mathematics and astronomy. As the contributions span a spectrum of senior and junior scholars, they are of great interest to an academic audience of researchers and post-graduate students in the history of science and the history of mathematics and astronomy in particular.