A distinctive feature of the current development of geographical science is the change in ideas and overcoming uncertainty in the study of geographical perception of the surrounding world. In addition, new opportunities for such research and the use of new tools of knowledge appear. Such approaches presuppose not only a traditional description of the surrounding world, but also a definition of how such a description should be carried out.The representation of the surrounding world in the form of a unified geographical space leads to consequences around the need to study and analyze natural and natural-social geographical structures, their spatial organization and spatial relationships of any hierarchical level. Ultimately, studies of the evolution of geographical structures lead researchers to identify the fundamental patterns of their development and formulate the general laws of nature that govern geographical structures, phenomena and processes.