The study of modern Mediterranean history and society has long featured debates over cross-cultural values, norms and perspectives in the region. The rise of nationalism in the Mediterranean in the 19th and early 20th centuries has led scholars to explore the tension between national and transnational group identities across the sea and its basin. As numerous Mediterranean sub-regions entered the nationalist era expressing intercultural characteristics, many questions remain to be answered about, first, the repurposing of pre-nationalist shared identities for nation-building causes and, second, attempts by nationalist forces to divide and erase those same shared identities. This book engages in this debate and provides five historical case studies, centred on the national experiences of Italy, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon and Libya.