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Adaptive radiation is a process in which a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a wide variety of forms that are adapted to different environments. This phenomenon is central to understanding how life diversifies over time and occupies a wide range of ecological niches. The concept of adaptive radiation helps explain the rapid speciation and morphological differentiation seen in many groups of organisms when they are presented with new or unfilled ecological opportunities. It is a cornerstone of evolutionary theory and reveals the power of natural selection and environmental factors in shaping the diversity of life on Earth.

The process typically occurs when a species encounters an environment that offers diverse ecological niches, such as an isolated island, a new continent, or after a mass extinction event. In these situations, the organisms face a reduced number of competitors and predators, which allows for the evolution of new traits suited to specific ecological roles. Over time, this diversification leads to the emergence of new species, each adapted to different environmental conditions.

One of the most famous examples of adaptive radiation is the evolution of Darwin's finches in the Galápagos Islands. These birds evolved from a common ancestor into multiple species, each with different beak shapes suited to particular food sources on various islands. This rapid diversification within a short time period exemplifies how adaptive radiation can occur when a group of organisms is exposed to new and varying environmental pressures.