NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide collective defense against aggression, primarily focused on safeguarding the democratic values and security of its member nations. Over time, its role has expanded from traditional defense to addressing global security challenges, including the fight against terrorism and the stabilization of conflict zones. The War in Afghanistan became a key test for NATO's evolving mission, showcasing its capabilities in out-of-area operations far beyond the traditional borders of its members.

The decision to involve NATO in Afghanistan followed the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, which were planned and orchestrated by al-Qaeda, a terrorist group harbored by Afghanistan's Taliban regime. In response, NATO invoked Article 5 of its founding treaty for the first time in its history, declaring an attack on one member as an attack on all. The alliance's commitment to fighting terrorism led to the deployment of NATO forces in Afghanistan, initially through Operation Enduring Freedom, and later through the more expansive International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission.

NATO's intervention was multi-faceted, aiming not only to eliminate terrorist threats but also to assist in rebuilding a war-torn nation. The alliance's involvement extended beyond military operations, focusing on stabilizing Afghanistan by promoting security, governance, and economic development. This commitment was based on the understanding that military force alone would not bring lasting peace. NATO recognized that its mission required close collaboration with local Afghan forces, international organizations, and governments, all working together to achieve a stable and secure Afghanistan.