The Brexit referendum, which took place on June 23, 2016, marked a pivotal moment in the history of the United Kingdom and its relationship with the European Union. The decision to leave the EU, known as Brexit, came after years of mounting debate and growing division within British society and politics. The referendum was the result of a long-standing debate over the UK's membership in the European Union, with political, economic, and cultural tensions playing a central role in shaping the outcome.

The road to Brexit began long before the referendum vote. The United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, a precursor to the European Union, and since then, the nation's relationship with the organization has been fraught with disagreement. Euroscepticism, or skepticism about the benefits of EU membership, had been steadily rising, particularly among certain political groups and sections of the public. Critics of the EU argued that membership undermined national sovereignty and that the UK was bound by regulations and policies that did not align with its interests. This sentiment was exacerbated by issues such as immigration, trade regulations, and the financial burden of contributing to the EU budget.

In the years leading up to the referendum, the political landscape of the UK began to shift. The rise of UKIP (the United Kingdom Independence Party), led by Nigel Farage, brought the issue of EU membership into sharper focus. UKIP's success in the 2014 European Parliament elections, where it emerged as the largest UK party, put pressure on the Conservative Party to address the growing concerns over the EU. Prime Minister David Cameron, seeking to quell dissent within his own party and avoid a potential electoral challenge from UKIP, promised a referendum on EU membership in 2013. This pledge set the stage for the referendum that would ultimately decide the UK's fate within the EU.