The founding of Rome is one of the most famous legends in history, blending myth and reality to shape the origins of one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. According to Roman tradition, the city was established in 753 BCE by Romulus, the first king of Rome, after he and his twin brother, Remus, were rescued and raised by a she-wolf. This tale, passed down through generations, symbolized Rome's strength, resilience, and divine favor. While the legend is deeply ingrained in Roman identity, historians believe the city's origins were more complex, involving the gradual unification of Latin and Etruscan tribes.

The early formation of Rome was influenced by its strategic location along the Tiber River. The site provided access to trade routes, fresh water, and natural defenses, making it an ideal settlement for early inhabitants. Archaeological evidence suggests that small villages existed in the area long before Rome's legendary founding, with early settlers engaging in agriculture, trade, and warfare. These early communities gradually coalesced, forming a unified society under a monarchical system. The first rulers of Rome were part of the Roman Kingdom, a period that saw the development of political institutions, religious practices, and military organization that would shape the city's future.

Roman society during its early years was structured around family and clan-based systems, with the patricians, or aristocratic families, holding the majority of political power. The king was the central authority, responsible for religious duties, military leadership, and lawmaking. However, his rule was supported by a council of elders known as the Senate, which played an advisory role. Over time, tensions arose between the patricians and the common people, or plebeians, who sought greater political representation. These early power struggles foreshadowed the later conflicts that would lead to the transition from monarchy to a republic.