Roman medicine was a blend of practical knowledge, religious beliefs, and influences from earlier civilizations, particularly the Greeks and Etruscans. While early Roman healing methods were deeply rooted in superstition, the expansion of the empire led to the adoption of more systematic medical practices. Over time, Roman medicine evolved into a structured system that combined natural remedies, surgical techniques, and public health initiatives.

Greek influence played a significant role in shaping Roman medical knowledge. Before Rome conquered Greece, healing in the Roman Republic was often associated with household remedies and religious rituals. However, as Greek physicians such as Archagathus and later Galen entered Rome, their advanced knowledge in anatomy, surgery, and pharmacology became widely accepted. Many Roman physicians were either trained by Greek mentors or studied Greek medical texts. Hippocratic principles, which emphasized observation and diagnosis, became foundational in Roman medical education.

Despite the growing reliance on scientific methods, religion and superstition remained integral to Roman healing practices. The Romans believed that diseases could be divine punishments or warnings from the gods. Temples dedicated to deities like Aesculapius, the god of medicine, served as healing centers where the sick sought divine intervention. Priests and healers performed rituals and sacrifices to appease the gods and cure ailments. Additionally, charms, amulets, and incantations were commonly used to ward off illness. Even as medical science progressed, many Romans continued to rely on religious customs for healing.