The sociology of health and illness examines how social factors influence health, disease, and healthcare systems. It goes beyond biological explanations to explore the ways in which cultural norms, economic conditions, and social structures shape individual and public health. Health is not merely a biological state but a socially constructed phenomenon influenced by historical, political, and economic contexts. Sociologists study patterns of illness and healthcare disparities to understand how social inequalities impact well-being.

One of the key concepts in the sociology of health is the social construction of illness. Different societies define and interpret illness in unique ways, often influenced by cultural beliefs and values. What is considered a disease in one culture may not be viewed the same way in another. For example, mental health conditions have been perceived and treated differently across societies and time periods, often reflecting broader social attitudes rather than purely medical realities. Additionally, the classification of illnesses can change, as seen in the evolving definitions of conditions like ADHD, autism, and even obesity.

Another important theme is the relationship between health and social structures. Factors such as socioeconomic status, education, occupation, and race play a significant role in determining health outcomes. People from lower-income backgrounds often have limited access to healthcare, nutritious food, and safe living environments, leading to poorer health compared to wealthier populations. Similarly, marginalized groups may experience discrimination in healthcare settings, affecting the quality of care they receive. Understanding these patterns helps sociologists identify systemic issues that contribute to health disparities.