The concept of social construction challenges the idea that reality exists independently of human perception. Instead, it argues that much of what people take for granted as "real" is actually the result of social interactions, shared meanings, and cultural influences. This perspective does not deny the existence of a material world but emphasizes that human understanding of this world is shaped by society. From values and norms to institutions and identities, social construction theory suggests that reality is not simply discovered but created through collective human agreement.

One of the foundational aspects of social construction is the distinction between objective reality and socially constructed reality. Objective reality refers to things that exist independently of human beliefs, such as gravity or biological processes. In contrast, socially constructed reality consists of meanings, categories, and interpretations that humans assign to objects, actions, and relationships. For example, money has no intrinsic value beyond the materials it is made from; its worth comes from a collective belief in its function as a medium of exchange. Similarly, concepts like race, gender, and even time are shaped by cultural and historical contexts rather than existing as fixed, natural categories.