The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 was not an isolated event but the culmination of complex political, social, and military developments. Understanding the factors that led to this momentous invasion requires an exploration of the Anglo-Saxon world, the rise of Normandy, and the political landscape that shaped the conflict.

By the mid-11th century, England was a prosperous but politically volatile kingdom. The Anglo-Saxon rule, established centuries earlier, had seen periods of stability and turmoil. King Edward the Confessor, who reigned from 1042 to 1066, was deeply religious but lacked a direct heir, leading to uncertainty about the kingdom's future. His court was divided between powerful noble factions, including Earl Harold Godwinson, one of England's most influential figures. This internal division made England vulnerable to external threats.

At the same time, Normandy, a powerful duchy in northern France, had been rising as a formidable force under the leadership of Duke William. The Normans, originally descended from Viking settlers, had adopted French customs, built strong political institutions, and developed an efficient military system. William, known for his ambition and strategic mind, had a close relationship with Edward the Confessor, who had supposedly promised him the English throne. However, this claim was disputed, setting the stage for conflict.