Peru's economy has undergone a remarkable transformation over the centuries, shaped by geography, cultural heritage, and global economic forces. From the highly organized economic structures of pre-Colonial civilizations to the challenges of modern globalization, Peru's development reflects a complex interplay of resource management, foreign influence, and domestic policies. Understanding the evolution of Peru's economy requires a historical perspective that highlights the fundamental shifts in trade, industry, and governance that have defined the nation's financial landscape. 

The economic foundations of Peru were deeply influenced by its diverse geography and rich natural resources. The Andes, Amazon rainforest, and coastal plains provided a variety of ecosystems that supported agriculture, mining, and trade. Long before Spanish colonization, the Andean civilizations, particularly the Incas, developed sophisticated economic systems that relied on communal labor, redistribution networks, and agricultural innovations. These early economic structures created a foundation for productivity and social organization that persisted even after European intervention. 

The arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century drastically altered Peru's economic trajectory. The colonial period introduced extractive systems, such as the encomienda and mita, which forced indigenous populations into labor-intensive industries, particularly silver mining. This period established Peru as a key contributor to the Spanish Empire's wealth but also entrenched an economic model centered on resource extraction and dependency on European markets. The restrictions imposed by Spain limited Peru's economic autonomy, setting the stage for struggles following independence.