The origins of the Byzantine Empire are deeply rooted in the legacy of the Roman Empire. As the Roman Empire grew increasingly difficult to manage due to its vast size, Emperor Diocletian initiated a division in the late 3rd century CE, separating the empire into Eastern and Western regions. This decision, though initially administrative, laid the groundwork for what would become two distinct political and cultural entities. While the Western Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasions and internal instability, the Eastern Roman Empire endured, evolving into what we now recognize as the Byzantine Empire.

One of the most pivotal moments in the birth of Byzantium came in 330 CE, when Emperor Constantine the Great established a new capital on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium. Renamed Constantinople, meaning "City of Constantine," it was strategically located on the Bosporus Strait, bridging Europe and Asia. This location was not only advantageous for trade but also easier to defend from invasions. Constantinople quickly rose to prominence as a center of politics, culture, and commerce, outshining Rome itself in influence and prestige. The city's grandeur, with its towering walls and monumental architecture, symbolized the strength and ambition of the new Eastern Empire.

The early years of the Byzantine Empire were marked by both challenges and triumphs. While the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, the Eastern Empire continued to thrive, preserving Roman laws, administrative systems, and military traditions. However, the Byzantines were not merely Roman in continuation—they adapted and transformed their identity over time. Greek became the dominant language, replacing Latin in most official and cultural contexts, and Orthodox Christianity emerged as a defining feature of Byzantine life.