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Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist, and the founding leader of the Soviet Union. As the head of the Bolshevik Party, he played a crucial role in orchestrating the October Revolution of 1917, which led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of a communist state. Lenin implemented radical socialist policies, including land redistribution, nationalization of industry, and the suppression of political opposition through the Red Terror. He also led the Soviet Union through the brutal Russian Civil War (1917–1922), solidifying Bolshevik control. His New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced limited market reforms to stabilize the economy after years of turmoil. Lenin's death in 1924 left a power vacuum, ultimately leading to Joseph Stalin's rise to power. His legacy remains highly debated, as he is both praised for his role in shaping modern socialism and criticized for his authoritarian methods.