Splanchnology is the branch of anatomy that focuses on the study of visceral organs, which include the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. These organs are primarily located within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, playing crucial roles in sustaining life. Understanding splanchnology is essential for medical professionals, as it provides foundational knowledge for diagnosing and treating various diseases affecting the body's internal organs.

The term "splanchnology" originates from the Greek word splanchnon, meaning "viscera" or "entrails." Historically, the study of visceral organs has been a key aspect of medical science, with ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Greeks making significant contributions to anatomical knowledge. The field has evolved considerably with advances in medical imaging, surgical techniques, and molecular biology, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of organ function and pathology.

Visceral organs are classified based on their primary functions. The digestive system, comprising the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas, is responsible for processing and absorbing nutrients. The respiratory system, including the lungs and airways, facilitates gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the body while removing carbon dioxide. The urinary system, with the kidneys, bladder, and associated structures, is essential for waste excretion and fluid balance. The reproductive system, differing between males and females, ensures the continuation of life through reproduction. Each of these organ systems works in concert with others, maintaining homeostasis and overall health.