The Pala Empire emerged in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent during the eighth century, marking the beginning of a powerful dynasty that would shape the cultural and political landscape of Bengal and Bihar for nearly four centuries. The empire was established in a period of political fragmentation and instability following the decline of the earlier Gupta Empire and the subsequent rule of smaller, competing kingdoms. This power vacuum set the stage for the rise of a strong and centralized authority under the leadership of Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala dynasty.

Gopala's ascent to power is believed to have been unique for the time, as he was reportedly chosen by local chieftains and influential figures through a process of election, rather than simply inheriting his position through lineage. This suggests that his leadership was recognized as a unifying force in a region that had suffered from prolonged disorder and internal conflicts. Once in power, Gopala took significant steps to stabilize his realm, laying the foundation for what would become one of the most enduring dynasties in Indian history. He consolidated his rule over Bengal and expanded his influence into neighboring territories, establishing control over strategic trade routes and fertile agricultural lands that contributed to the empire's prosperity.

Gopala's son, Dharmapala, proved to be an even more ambitious ruler. Under his leadership, the Pala Empire reached its zenith, with its influence stretching far beyond Bengal into northern and central India. Dharmapala was not only a military leader but also a great patron of Buddhism, playing a crucial role in the expansion of Buddhist institutions, including the famed Nalanda University. His military campaigns brought him into direct conflict with two of the other major powers of the time, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas.