The Nara Period (710–794) marked a transformative era in Japanese history, characterized by the establishment of a centralized government, the increasing influence of Buddhism, and cultural exchanges with China and Korea. It was during this time that Japan's first permanent capital was established in Nara, shaping the foundations of political and cultural development for centuries to come.

Before the Nara Period, Japan's capitals frequently shifted locations with the death of each emperor, a practice rooted in Shinto beliefs regarding spiritual purity. However, in 710, Emperor Genmei broke this tradition by moving the capital to Heijō-kyō (modern-day Nara), modeling it after the grand Tang dynasty capital of Chang'an. This decision signified Japan's growing commitment to a stable and sophisticated political structure. Nara's grid-like city layout, Buddhist temples, and administrative buildings reflected Chinese architectural and governmental influences, showcasing the era's desire for centralized control and cultural refinement.

At the heart of the Nara government was the ritsuryō system, an adaptation of China's bureaucratic model, which aimed to solidify imperial rule through codified laws, land distribution policies, and taxation systems. The emperor held supreme authority, but powerful aristocratic families, particularly the Fujiwara clan, played a crucial role in court politics. The implementation of the Taihō Code in 701 reinforced these administrative reforms, further consolidating the emperor's influence while allowing aristocrats to maintain their dominance over court affairs.