The Maurya Empire, one of the most significant dynasties in Indian history, emerged in the late 4th century BCE. Its foundations were laid by Chandragupta Maurya, who, with the guidance of his advisor Chanakya, overthrew the ruling Nanda dynasty and established a powerful empire. The rise of the Mauryas marked a turning point in Indian history, as they created a centralized and efficient administration that governed vast territories.

Before the Maurya Empire, the Indian subcontinent was fragmented into various kingdoms and republics. The dominant power during this time was the Nanda dynasty, which ruled over Magadha, a region in present-day Bihar. Though the Nandas controlled a significant portion of northern India, their rule was marked by heavy taxation and unpopular policies, which created discontent among the people and the military. This environment of dissatisfaction provided an opportunity for Chandragupta Maurya to challenge their authority.

Chandragupta's rise to power is closely linked to Chanakya, a scholar and strategist who had been humiliated by the Nandas. Seeking revenge, Chanakya trained Chandragupta in statecraft, military tactics, and governance. With his mentor's guidance, Chandragupta built an army and gradually expanded his influence. By allying with local rulers and gaining the support of disgruntled soldiers, he launched a successful campaign against the Nandas, eventually seizing control of Magadha around 321 BCE.