The Chera dynasty, one of the three great Tamil dynasties of ancient South India, played a crucial role in shaping the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the region. Their rule, spanning centuries, witnessed the flourishing of trade, literature, and governance, laying the foundation for Kerala's distinct identity. Emerging during the Sangam Age, the Cheras established themselves as a dominant force in Tamilakam, with their influence extending beyond the Western Ghats into the Indian Ocean trade networks.

The origins of the Cheras remain shrouded in legend and early Tamil literary references. Sangam literature, including works like the Pattinappalai and Akananuru, speaks of mighty Chera kings who ruled with valor and wisdom. The dynasty's association with Vanji (also known as Karur) as their capital city highlights their strategic control over the fertile lands of present-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The geographical advantage of their kingdom, with access to the Arabian Sea on the west and the lush inland regions, enabled the Cheras to engage in extensive maritime trade.

The early rulers of the Chera dynasty established their power through military conquests and strategic alliances. One of the most celebrated kings was Uthiyan Cheralathan, considered the first known historical Chera ruler. He is mentioned as a patron of poets and a formidable leader who controlled trade routes. His successors, Nedum Cheralathan and Senguttuvan Chera, further expanded the empire. Senguttuvan, famously associated with the Silappadikaram, a great Tamil epic, is credited with the introduction of the Pattini cult, honoring Kannagi, a symbol of justice and womanhood. His military campaigns against northern kingdoms and his patronage of Tamil culture reinforced the Chera dynasty's prestige.