Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population comes to reside in urban areas, often transforming rural landscapes into bustling cities. It is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses social, economic, cultural, and environmental changes. The rapid expansion of urban areas is one of the most defining features of modern society, reflecting humanity's growing tendency to cluster in cities for opportunities, convenience, and better access to resources.

Historically, urbanization began with the establishment of early agricultural settlements, which served as hubs for trade and governance. Over time, these settlements grew into cities as advancements in technology, transportation, and infrastructure facilitated their expansion. The Industrial Revolution, in particular, marked a pivotal moment in the history of urbanization, drawing large numbers of people into urban centers in search of work and prosperity. Today, urbanization continues at an unprecedented pace, driven by industrial growth, globalization, and population migration from rural to urban regions.

The scope of urbanization extends far beyond the mere growth of cities. It profoundly influences nearly every aspect of human life, from economic development to social interactions and environmental sustainability. Economically, cities serve as engines of growth, innovation, and creativity, offering concentrated markets, skilled labor, and access to advanced infrastructure. Socially, urban areas often promote cultural exchange and diversity, creating spaces where people from different backgrounds can interact and collaborate. However, this growth also comes with challenges, such as overcrowding, inequality, and the strain on public services and infrastructure.