Pompeii was an ancient Roman city situated near modern-day Naples in the Campania region of Italy, within what is now the comune of Pompei. It thrived as a bustling urban center until the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. This violent explosion buried Pompeii, along with the neighboring cities of Herculaneum and several luxurious villas in the surrounding countryside, including those at Boscoreale and Stabiae, beneath a thick blanket of volcanic ash and pumice. The depth of this sudden entombment ranged from four to six meters (13 to 20 feet), sealing the city and its inhabitants in a chilling moment of suspended animation. 

When excavations began centuries later, Pompeii revealed itself as an unprecedented time capsule of Roman life. The city was preserved in remarkable detail, offering a rare and invaluable glimpse into the daily routines, architectural styles, and cultural expressions of its people. However, the early excavations, conducted with rudimentary methods, often led to the destruction of crucial evidence. Despite these losses, Pompeii remains one of the most well-documented archaeological sites, providing scholars with insights into the lives of Romans that would have otherwise been lost to history.