The economic history of Colombia is a rich and complex narrative shaped by its colonial past, its struggle for independence, and its evolution into a modern, globalized economy. Colombia's economic trajectory is marked by cycles of growth, stagnation, and reform, heavily influenced by both internal and external forces. To understand Colombia's present-day economic standing, it is essential to first explore the historical context that laid the foundation for its economic structure.

The history of Colombia's economy begins with its pre-Colombian civilizations, which thrived through agriculture and trade. The Spanish colonization in the 16th century drastically altered the region's economic systems. Colombia became a key part of the Spanish Empire's colonial economy, centered on the extraction of gold, silver, and agricultural products. During the colonial era, the economic structure was based on a system of encomiendas, which exploited Indigenous labor, and the export of valuable resources to Spain. This period was foundational in creating the early foundations of the Colombian economy, particularly its dependence on mineral wealth.

The struggle for independence from Spain in the early 19th century, which culminated in 1810 with the declaration of independence and a protracted series of wars, significantly disrupted the economy. The wars of independence led to the fragmentation of the region into several separate entities, each facing economic challenges as they sought to stabilize and develop. Upon achieving independence in 1819, Colombia faced a host of problems, including political fragmentation, lack of infrastructure, and limited industrial capacity. These challenges hindered the country's economic development for much of the 19th century.